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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of physicians, nursing homes, and residents in Ontario, by patterns of signing up for a provincial audit and feedback initiative

From: Effectiveness of confidential reports to physicians on their prescribing of antipsychotic medications in nursing homes

Variable

Physicians who did not sign up, n = 707

Physicians who signed up, n = 237

Total, n = 944

p value

Physician characteristics

 Sex

  Female

181 (25.6%)

59 (24.9%)

240 (25.4%)

0.83

  Male

526 (74.4%)

178 (75.1%)

704 (74.6%)

 Age (mean ± SD)

57.60 ± 11.16

56.98 ± 10.66

57.45 ± 11.03

0.45

 Years practicing (mean ± SD)

30.93 ± 12.06

30.40 ± 11.37

30.80 ± 11.89

0.546

 Medical graduate location

  Foreign graduate

149 (21.1%)

34 (14.3%)

183 (19.4%)

0.02

  Canadian graduate

558 (78.9%)

203 (85.7%)

761 (80.6%)

 Number of LTC residents per month (mean ± SD)

49.63 ± 53.38

66.35 ± 57.77

53.83 ± 54.97

< .001

 Number of LTC billings per month (mean ± SD)

88.54 ± 114.37

127.72 ± 162.45

98.49 ± 129.33

< .001

 Percent of total billings in month in LTC (mean ± SD)

17.65 ± 24.22

26.87 ± 28.40

19.99 ± 25.65

< .001

Nursing home characteristics

 Number of beds in primary LTC home (mean ± SD)

128 (88–179)

150 (97–200)

128 (90–189)

< .001

 Setting of primary LTC home

  Urban

539 (76.2%)

201 (84.8%)

740 (78.4%)

0.01

  Rural

168 (23.8%)

36 (15.2%)

204 (21.6%)

 Ownership status of primary LTC home

  Non-profit

329 (46.5%)

114 (48.1%)

443 (46.9%)

0.346

  Profit

372 (52.6%)

123 (51.9%)

495 (52.4%)

  Unknown

6 (0.8%)

0 (0.0%)

6 (0.6%)

Resident characteristics

n = 35,091

n = 15,726

n = 50,817

 

 Sex

  Female

25,335 (72.2%)

11,308 (71.9%)

36,643 (72.1%)

0.498

  Male

9756 (27.8%)

4418 (28.1%)

14,174 (27.9%)

 Age (mean ± SD)

86.4 ± 7.5

86.4 ± 7.5

86.4 ± 7.5

0.731

 Time in LTC (cat.)

  < 1 year

7223 (20.6%)

3370 (21.4%)

10,593 (20.8%)

0.03

  1–4 years

18,746 (53.4%)

8387 (53.3%)

27,133 (53.4%)

  5–9 years

7386 (21.0%)

3167 (20.1%)

10,553 (20.8%)

  10+ years

1736 (4.9%)

802 (5.1%)

2538 (5.0%)

 Charlson comorbidity score (mean ± SD)

0.9 ± 1.5

0.9 ± 1.4

0.9 ± 1.5

0.233

 Diabetes*

9413 (26.8%)

4060 (25.8%)

13,473 (26.5%)

0.017

 Hypertension*

23,137 (65.9%)

10,320 (65.6%)

33,457 (65.8%)

0.495

 Arteriosclerotic heart disease*

5501 (15.7%)

2294 (14.6%)

7795 (15.3%)

0.002

 Congestive heart failure*

3886 (11.1%)

1648 (10.5%)

5534 (10.9%)

0.047

 Peripheral vascular disease*

1935 (5.5%)

892 (5.7%)

2827 (5.6%)

0.473

 Deep vein thrombosis*

447 (1.3%)

196 (1.2%)

643 (1.3%)

0.798

 Cardiac dysrhythmia*

2449 (7.0%)

1148 (7.3%)

3597 (7.1%)

0.192

 Alzheimer’s or dementia*

24,057 (68.6%)

11,018 (70.1%)

35,075 (69.0%)

< .001

 Cancer*

2950 (8.4%)

1306 (8.3%)

4256 (8.4%)

0.701

 Obstructive airway disease*

6073 (17.3%)

2674 (17.0%)

8747 (17.2%)

0.403

 Depression*

11,793 (33.6%)

5168 (32.9%)

16,961 (33.4%)

0.1

 Psychosis*

1603 (4.6%)

725 (4.6%)

2328 (4.6%)

0.834

 Arthritis*

480 (1.4%)

238 (1.5%)

718 (1.4%)

0.199

 Parkinson’s disease*

2533 (7.2%)

1156 (7.4%)

3689 (7.3%)

0.595

 Level of function (activities of daily living)* (mean ± SD)

16.9 ± 7.2

16.9 ± 7.4

16.9 ± 7.3

0.603

 Pain score* (mean ± SD)

0.4 ± 0.7

0.4 ± 0.7

0.4 ± 0.7

0.901

 Depression rating score* (mean ± SD)

2.0 ± 2.4

2.1 ± 2.4

2.0 ± 2.4

< .001

 Likelihood of falls scale*

  Low risk of falls

29,535 (84.2%)

13,116 (83.4%)

42,651 (83.9%)

0.03

  Medium/high risk of falls

5556 (15.8%)

2610 (16.6%)

8166 (16.1%)

 Aggressive behavior scale* (mean ± SD)

1.4 ± 2.1

1.5 ± 2.3

1.4 ± 2.2

< .001

 Frailty index*

  Robust (score < 0.2)

5319 (15.2%)

2385 (15.2%)

7704 (15.2%)

0.307

  Pre-frail (score = 0.2 to 0.3)

10,773 (30.7%)

4725 (30.0%)

15,498 (30.5%)

  Frail (score > 0.3)

18,999 (54.1%)

8616 (54.8%)

27,615 (54.3%)

 ED visits in past year

12,862 (36.7%)

5570 (35.4%)

18,432 (36.3%)

0.007

  Mean ± SD

0.7 ± 1.4

0.7 ± 1.4

0.7 ± 1.4

0.127

 Any inpatient hospitalizations in past year

6520 (18.6%)

2861 (18.2%)

9381 (18.5%)

0.298

 Any psychiatric consult in past year

4498 (12.8%)

2029 (12.9%)

6527 (12.8%)

0.793

 Any geriatric consult in past year

2031 (5.8%)

922 (5.9%)

2953 (5.8%)

0.738

 Any antipsychotic use

9596 (27.3%)

4178 (26.6%)

13,774 (27.1%)

0.068

 Any statin use

6209 (17.7%)

2551 (16.2%)

8760 (17.2%)

< .001

 Any benzodiazepine use

4359 (12.4%)

1809 (11.5%)

6168 (12.1%)

0.003

  1. IQR interquartile range, LTC long-term care
  2. *Captured from the most recent Resident Assessment Instrument data