Table 3 Researcher characteristics associated with unrecognized IS engagement
Unrecognized IS element | All IS engagement | Process evaluations | IS measures | IS frameworks | Integrating interventions into routine settings | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | % | aOR | 95% CI | p value | % | aOR | 95% CI | p value | % | aOR | 95% CI | p value | % | aOR | 95% CI | p value | % | aOR | 95% CI | p value |
Age (years) | ||||||||||||||||||||
< 35 | 92.2 | 1.24 | 0.39 to 3.92 | 0.709 | 80.4 | 0.92 | 0.27 to 3.16 | 0.893 | 91.8 | 1.14 | 0.36 to 3.62 | 0.822 | 85.2 | 1.35 | 0.21 to 8.80 | 0.753 | 90.7 | 1.13 | 0.35 to 3.64 | 0.837 |
35–44 | 87.5 | 1.54 | 0.70 to 3.39 | 0.279 | 76.3 | 1.14 | 0.48 to 2.70 | 0.773 | 87.1 | 1.42 | 0.64 to 3.13 | 0.387 | 82.8 | 1.27 | 0.36 to 4.49 | 0.707 | 85.4 | 1.54 | 0.69 to 3.42 | 0.293 |
45–54 | 82.9 | 0.72 | 0.36 to 1.46 | 0.366 | 75.2 | 0.78 | 0.36 to 1.68 | 0.526 | 81.9 | 0.66 | 0.33 to 1.34 | 0.251 | 76.4 | 0.67 | 0.22 to 2.03 | 0.480 | 80.4 | 0.75 | 0.37 to 1.53 | 0.429 |
55–64 | 87.1 | 0.98 | 0.54 to 1.78 | 0.948 | 80.6 | 1.07 | 0.55 to 2.06 | 0.842 | 87.0 | 0.93 | 0.51 to 1.70 | 0.819 | 81.6 | 0.95 | 0.36 to 2.52 | 0.919 | 85.2 | 1.06 | 0.58 to 1.94 | 0.847 |
65+ | 87.3 | 0.67 | 0.96 to 56.89 | 0.054 | 79.7 | 1 | 87.3 | 1 | 85.4 | 1 | 84.2 | 1 | ||||||||
Sex | ||||||||||||||||||||
Female | 85.1 | 1.02 | 0.70 to 1.48 | 0.919 | 74.9 | 0.89 | 0.6 to 1.33 | 0.577 | 84.7 | 0.99 | 0.68 to 1.44 | 0.938 | 79.2 | 0.99 | 0.54 to 1.83 | 0.977 | 82.9 | 1.01 | 0.69 to 1.48 | 0.967 |
Male | 88.0 | 1 | 81.3 | 1 | 87.6 | 1 | 83.5 | 1 | 85.8 | 1 | ||||||||||
Race | ||||||||||||||||||||
White | 86.7 | 7.41 | 0.96 to 56.89 | 0.054 | 77.9 | 1 | 86.3 | 1 | 81.4 | 1 | 84.5 | 1 | ||||||||
Black | 78.4 | 0.53 | 0.30 to 0.94 | 0.031 | 67.7 | 0.64 | 0.25 to 1.66 | 0.357 | 77.6 | 0.67 | 0.29 to 1.56 | 0.354 | 77.8 | 0.85 | 0.08 to 9.47 | 0.893 | 76.1 | 0.67 | 0.29 to 1.56 | 0.353 |
Hispanic | 95.9 | 2.38 | 0.29 to 19.85 | 0.423 | 93.1 | 8.56 | 1.06 to 68.93 | 0.044 | 95.7 | 7.03 | 0.91 to 54.2 | 0.061 | 100 | – | – | – | 95.2 | 8.09 | 1.05 to 62.34 | 0.045 |
Asian | 83.5 | 0.77 | 0.47 to 1.26 | 0.293 | 75.0 | 0.65 | 0.34 to 1.23 | 0.183 | 82.4 | 0.51 | 0.29 to 0.92 | 0.024 | 72.2 | 0.35 | 0.13 to 0.98 | 0.046 | 80.2 | 0.47 | 0.26 to 0.85 | 0.013 |
Other | 92.3 | 0.83 | 0.51 to 1.33 | 0.437 | 88.2 | 2.74 | 0.31 to 24.19 | 0.365 | 91.3 | 2.22 | 0.26 to 18.97 | 0.468 | 88.9 | 2.02 | 0.19 to 21.91 | 0.562 | 91.3 | 2.26 | 0.27 to 18.98 | 0.452 |
Education | ||||||||||||||||||||
PhD | 87.2 | 0.96 | 1 | 1 | 86.8 | 1 | 81.3 | 1 | 84.9 | 1 | ||||||||||
MD | 86.2 | 0.93 | 0.40 to 2.14 | 0.863 | 78.9 | 0.72 | 0.37 to 1.40 | 0.337 | 85.6 | 0.73 | 0.4 to 1.33 | 0.306 | 80.4 | 0.70 | 0.27 to 1.81 | 0.464 | 83.8 | 0.75 | 0.41 to 1.38 | 0.359 |
MD, PhD | 86.0 | 0.89 | 0.45 to 1.75 | 0.731 | 74.2 | 0.59 | 0.22 to 1.61 | 0.305 | 85.7 | 0.81 | 0.33 to 2.01 | 0.656 | 70.0 | 0.51 | 0.16 to 1.61 | 0.250 | 85.7 | 0.99 | 0.38 to 2.60 | 0.985 |
MD, Masters | 80.4 | 1.17 | 0.63 to 2.15 | 0.619 | 72.8 | 0.85 | 0.51 to 1.42 | 0.546 | 80.3 | 0.85 | 0.53 to 1.37 | 0.510 | 76.3 | 0.82 | 0.36 to 1.85 | 0.633 | 78.5 | 0.84 | 0.51 to 1.36 | 0.469 |
Masters | 88.1 | 0.54 | 0.36 to 0.81 | < 0.01 | 80.6 | 1.26 | 0.37 to 4.28 | 0.709 | 87.7 | 0.99 | 0.3 to 3.26 | 0.984 | 90.0 | 0.71 | 0.10 to 4.86 | 0.727 | 86.8 | 1.10 | 0.33 to 3.64 | 0.880 |
Region | ||||||||||||||||||||
Northeast | 88.2 | 0.83 | 0.50 to 1.38 | 0.470 | 81.4 | 1 | 88.1 | 1 | 85.2 | 1 | 86.1 | 1 | ||||||||
Midwest | 84.2 | 0.59 | 0.14 to 2.46 | 0.467 | 73.3 | 0.68 | 0.39 to 1.18 | 0.167 | 83.5 | 0.75 | 0.46 to 1.23 | 0.254 | 75.2 | 0.74 | 0.32 to 1.72 | 0.483 | 81.5 | 0.76 | 0.46 to 1.25 | 0.277 |
South | 87.5 | 0.75 | 0.42 to 1.36 | 0.349 | 79.7 | 0.80 | 0.48 to 1.33 | 0.388 | 87.0 | 0.82 | 0.51 to 1.33 | 0.423 | 81.1 | 0.70 | 0.32 to 1.50 | 0.358 | 84.7 | 0.77 | 0.47 to 1.26 | 0.299 |
West | 86.1 | 0.80 | 0.33 to 1.97 | 0.628 | 77.5 | 0.84 | 0.48 to 1.48 | 0.546 | 85.9 | 0.85 | 0.51 to 1.42 | 0.528 | 82.4 | 0.70 | 0.30 to 1.62 | 0.402 | 84.9 | 0.87 | 0.51 to 1.47 | 0.605 |
International | 76.5 | 0.82 | 0.51 to 1.31 | 0.398 | 61.9 | 0.40 | 0.08 to 2.05 | 0.274 | 74.2 | 0.52 | 0.12 to 2.29 | 0.388 | 71.4 | 0.47 | 0.03 to 6.63 | 0.578 | 72.4 | 0.53 | 0.12 to 2.30 | 0.394 |
Years in health research | ||||||||||||||||||||
< 1 to 10 | 88.9 | 0.93 | 0.40 to 2.14 | 0.863 | 80.8 | 1.05 | 0.43 to 2.58 | 0.919 | 88.5 | 0.93 | 0.40 to 2.15 | 0.864 | 82.6 | 0.59 | 0.15 to 2.23 | 0.433 | 87.5 | 1.11 | 0.47 to 2.63 | 0.805 |
11 to 20 | 84.3 | 0.89 | 0.45 to 1.75 | 0.731 | 73.7 | 0.85 | 0.41 to 1.77 | 0.665 | 83.8 | 0.91 | 0.46 to 1.81 | 0.798 | 79.2 | 0.66 | 0.23 to 1.88 | 0.439 | 81.7 | 1.01 | 0.51 to 2.02 | 0.970 |
21 to 30 | 86.8 | 1.17 | 0.63 to 2.15 | 0.619 | 78.8 | 0.98 | 0.50 to 1.90 | 0.951 | 86.3 | 1.17 | 0.63 to 2.16 | 0.618 | 79.2 | 0.76 | 0.28 to 2.06 | 0.596 | 84.6 | 1.27 | 0.68 to 2.36 | 0.458 |
31 or more | 87.9 | 1 | 82.1 | 1 | 87.8 | 1 | 86.4 | 1 | 85.3 | 1 | ||||||||||
Institution type* | ||||||||||||||||||||
Academic | 86.5 | 1 | 77.1 | 1 | 90.1 | 1 | 29.2 | 1 | 77.8 | 1 | ||||||||||
Public | 80.3 | 0.54 | 0.36 to 0.81 | < 0.01 | 72.2 | 0.62 | 0.40 to 0.97 | 0.034 | 91.0 | 0.54 | 0.36 to 0.81 | < 0.01 | 28.7 | 0.57 | 0.29 to 1.12 | 0.100 | 82.3 | 0.54 | 0.36 to 0.82 | < 0.01 |
Non-profit | 87.8 | 1.21 | 0.73 to 2.02 | 0.454 | 81.8 | 1.26 | 0.73 to 2.18 | 0.415 | 90.7 | 1.15 | 0.69 to 1.91 | 0.597 | 29.1 | 2.93 | 1.05 to 8.18 | 0.041 | 78.1 | 1.15 | 0.68 to 1.92 | 0.602 |
Private | 84.7 | 0.74 | 0.31 to 1.78 | 0.500 | 71.9 | 0.57 | 0.21 to 1.51 | 0.254 | 91.7 | 0.73 | 0.30 to 1.76 | 0.483 | 25.0 | 0.70 | 0.14 to 3.36 | 0.652 | 71.7 | 0.59 | 0.24 to 1.45 | 0.249 |
Funding type* | ||||||||||||||||||||
Public | 86.1 | 1 | 77.4 | 1 | 90.4 | 1 | 29.4 | 1 | 78.5 | 1 | ||||||||||
Foundation | 80.2 | 0.64 | 0.42 to 0.98 | 0.039 | 70.7 | 0.68 | 0.43 to 1.08 | 0.099 | 92.0 | 0.62 | 0.40 to 0.95 | 0.027 | 32.8 | 0.78 | 0.39 to 1.56 | 0.484 | 83.9 | 0.66 | 0.43 to 1.03 | 0.067 |
Private | 87.6 | 1.11 | 0.52 to 2.37 | 0.787 | 81.0 | 1.11 | 0.48 to 2.55 | 0.808 | 88.2 | 1.08 | 0.51 to 2.32 | 0.834 | 33.3 | 0.67 | 0.22 to 2.07 | 0.486 | 80.4 | 1.15 | 0.54 to 2.47 | 0.718 |
Other | 92.1 | 2.98 | 0.99 to 8.99 | 0.053 | 87.0 | 2.93 | 0.93 to 9.26 | 0.067 | 92.7 | 3.15 | 1.04 to 9.53 | 0.043 | 15.9 | 1.92 | 0.18 to 20.16 | 0.588 | 79.3 | 3.13 | 1.04 to 9.45 | 0.043 |
CTSI | ||||||||||||||||||||
Yes | 85.2 | 0.78 | 0.50 to 1.22 | 0.277 | 75.8 | 0.77 | 0.48 to 1.23 | 0.275 | 84.9 | 0.79 | 0.50 to 1.24 | 0.299 | 77.9 | 0.51 | 0.24 to 1.09 | 0.085 | 82.8 | 0.74 | 0.47 to 1.17 | 0.199 |
No | 88.6 | 1 | 82.9 | 1 | 88.1 | 1 | 87.6 | 1 | 86.9 | 1 | ||||||||||
Methods used* | ||||||||||||||||||||
RCTs | 83.1 | 0.66 | 0.46 to 0.93 | 0.018 | 75.4 | 0.73 | 0.50 to 1.08 | 0.115 | 94.1 | 0.65 | 0.46 to 0.93 | 0.018 | 35.0 | 0.64 | 0.36 to 1.15 | 0.132 | 88.5 | 0.73 | 0.51 to 1.04 | 0.084 |
Cohort | 87.6 | 1.26 | 0.85 to 1.86 | 0.246 | 77.6 | 1.12 | 0.72 to 1.73 | 0.609 | 93.8 | 1.24 | 0.84 to 1.84 | 0.275 | 30.0 | 1.53 | 0.81 to 2.88 | 0.191 | 82.6 | 1.29 | 0.86 to 1.91 | 0.217 |
Epidemiology | 86.3 | 1 | 76.1 | 1 | 95.2 | 1 | 30.2 | 1 | 81.3 | 1 | ||||||||||
Pop. studies | 84.1 | 1.08 | 0.68 to 1.69 | 0.751 | 76.7 | 1.21 | 0.74 to 1.99 | 0.453 | 93.8 | 1.06 | 0.67 to 1.67 | 0.805 | 35.3 | 1.18 | 0.56 to 2.50 | 0.658 | 80.9 | 1.06 | 0.66 to 1.69 | 0.805 |
Statistics | 86 | 0.98 | 0.61 to 1.57 | 0.927 | 75.7 | 1.05 | 0.62 to 1.77 | 0.856 | 88.3 | 0.95 | 0.59 to 1.52 | 0.826 | 22.7 | 1.19 | 0.5 to 2.82 | 0.701 | 71.4 | 1.01 | 0.62 to 1.64 | 0.983 |
Qualitative | 69.2 | 0.24 | 0.16 to 0.36 | < 0.001 | 60.0 | 0.30 | 0.20 to 0.46 | < 0.001 | 96.8 | 0.24 | 0.16 to 0.36 | < 0.001 | 32.8 | 0.14 | 0.07 to 0.27 | < 0.001 | 87.9 | 0.25 | 0.17 to 0.38 | < 0.001 |
Other | 84.8 | 0.79 | 0.54 to 1.16 | 0.230 | 75.4 | 0.70 | 0.46 to 1.07 | 0.101 | 89.1 | 0.84 | 0.57 to 1.24 | 0.380 | 29.7 | 1.16 | 0.61 to 2.21 | 0.644 | 76.3 | 0.78 | 0.53 to 1.16 | 0.219 |
Can describe IS | ||||||||||||||||||||
Yes | 81.7 | 0.13 | 0.07 to 0.27 | < 0.001 | 73.3 | 0.14 | 0.06 to 0.33 | < 0.001 | 81.4 | 0.14 | 0.07 to 0.29 | < 0.001 | 77.1 | 0.23 | 0.08 to 0.68 | < 0.01 | 79.9 | 0.16 | 0.08 to 0.33 | < 0.001 |
No | 98.1 | 1 | 96.7 | 1 | 98.0 | 1 | 96.4 | 1 | 97.3 | 1 | ||||||||||