Table 1 Potential “work” associated with beta-lactam TDM categorized according to NPT domains

Coherence

Work related to a practice’s meaning, use, or utility

Physicians can distinguish the new approach from their current method of beta-lactam monitoring.

Participation

Involves initiation, enrollment, and legitimation or “buy-in” among human actors about a practice

Pharmacists agree that beta-lactam TDM should be a part of their work.

Operational (“Collective action”)

Integration of a practice in a specific context, availability of necessary resources to enact the practice

Beta-lactam TDM is adequately integrated in the electronic health record.

Appraisal (“Reflexive monitoring”)

Judgments and data related to the effectiveness and utility of a new practice

Team can access information about the results of routine monitoring and impact on clinical outcomes.