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Table 2 Potential associations between provided responses and CFIR constructs

From: Provider perspectives on beta-lactam therapeutic drug monitoring programs in the critically ill: a protocol for a multicenter mixed-methods study

CFIR construct

Example for beta-lactam TDM

Intervention characteristics

The intervention being implemented in an organization

Processes for specimen collection

Turnaround time

Results reporting in the electronic health record

Outer setting

Economic, political, social context within which the organization exists

Statements from professional organizations encouraging beta-lactam TDM (e.g., SCCM, ESICM, ESCMID)

Global emphasis on personalized medicine

Inner setting

Structural, political, and cultural contexts through which implementation occurs

Academic environment at the hospital

Multiple providers from various disciplines caring for the same patient (e.g., ICU, pharmacist, ID)

Individuals

Individuals involved with implementation

Knowledge about antibiotic TDM

Belief in the ability to execute beta-lactam TDM in clinical practice

Early versus late adopter (Rogers Diffusion of Innovation)

Process

Implementation process

Stakeholder engagement in creation of the workflow

Development of an implementation toolkit

Local champions who are early users

  1. CFIR Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, TDM therapeutic drug monitoring