Table 2 Summary of studies
Author and date | Setting and country | Study type | Aim | Intervention description | Participants | RAMESES |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Gillespie et al. 2015 [8] | Operating rooms UK (n = 9), USA (n = 7), New Zealand (n = 2), Netherlands (n = 2), Finland (n = 2), other countries (n = 12), multinational (n = 1) | Realist synthesis | To present the evidence of implementation interventions to improve adherence to the use of safety checklists in surgery | Surgical safety checklists | 35 primary studies | No |
2. Goodridge et al. 2015 [15] | Healthcare organisations Canada | Qualitative interviews | To develop initial programme theory about the role of leadership in the Saskatchewan model of Lean | Lean approach to improving healthcare | 27 participants (26 face to face interviews, 1 telephone interview). Key stakeholder interviews (9), stakeholder focus group (n = 47) | No |
3. Wilson et al. 2015 [16] (RAPPORT study) | Healthcare research UK Stage 1 England and Wales, stages 2 and 3 four geographical regions in England | Mixed methods (scoping exercise/online survey to chief investigators/case studies/interviews and document analysis) | To understand how far patient and public involvement was embedded within healthcare research in six areas: diabetes mellitus, arthritis, cystic fibrosis, dementia, public health and learning disabilities | Patient and public involvement (PPI) in research | 101 participants completed the survey, 22 case studies, 129 participants [64 researchers, 48 PPI representatives, 7 PPI co-ordinators, 10 funders/network representatives] | No |
4. Tsang et al. 2016 [17] | Primary care UK (n = 8), other European countries (n = 2), North America (n = 8) | Rapid Realist review | To understand the factors enabling and constraining the implementation of CKD interventions in primary care | CKD interventions | 18 interventions in primary care between 2000 and 2014 | Yes |
5. Howe et al. 2017 [18] (RAPPORT study) | A case study of a project on patient and public involvement in research UK | Qualitative case study Review of documentation and experiences of PPI over time | To investigate how the PPI representatives’ inputs had developed over time, key challenges and changes, and lessons learned | PPI in various forms | No specific reference to numbers of people involved in the project | No |
6. Flynn et al. 2018 [19] (FLYNN study) | Healthcare organisations Canada | Realist review | To develop and refine an initial programme theory on Lean sustainability in paediatric healthcare | Lean model of healthcare quality and efficiency—philosophy and activities | 11 papers—included primary research studies and published and unpublished case studies and research | Yes |
7. Wilson et al. 2018 [20] (RAPPORT study) | Healthcare research England | Realist evaluation | To explore how embedded patient and public involvement is within mainstream health research following two decades of policy-driven work to underpin health research with patient and public involvement in England | Patient and public involvement (PPI) in research on six diverse topic areas: arthritis, cystic fibrosis, dementia, diabetes, intellectual and developmental disabilities and public health | 22 nationally funded research projects as case studies in which to explore PPI processes and impact | No |
8. Flynn et al. 2019 [21] (FLYNN study) | Healthcare organisations Canada | Qualitative Realist evaluation | To evaluate the sustainability of the Lean model in paediatric healthcare | Lean model of healthcare quality and efficiency—philosophy and activities | 32 interviews with various stakeholder groups across four paediatric hospital units ‘cases’ at one acute hospital | Yes |
9. Hurst et al. 2019 [22] | Acute hospital wards for care of older people UK | Mixed methods (qualitative interviews/descriptive analyses of routine data) | To evaluate the implementation of open visiting, the barriers, sustainability and impact on communication between healthcare professionals, families and carers | Open visiting—unrestricted family visiting hours | 30 interviews (16 with staff; 14 with patients/relatives). 47 pre-implementation questionnaires about staff attitudes towards open visiting | Yes |
10. Lewis et al. 2019 [23] | Community aged home care organisation Australia | Qualitative Realist evaluation | To evaluate the embedding of sustainable oral healthcare for older people into routine community aged care practice | Multi-level facilitation of oral health for older people resident in care homes | 14 interviews, mostly staff within the care organisation plus service consumers | Yes |
11 Flynn et al. 2020 [24] (FLYNN study) | Healthcare organisations Canada | Multiphase Realist investigation | To present a refined programme theory on the contextual factors and mechanisms that influence the sustainability of (Lean) management initiative in paediatric health care | Lean model of healthcare quality and efficiency—philosophy and activities | Triangulation of multiphase Realist investigation | No |
12. Hashem et al. 2020 [25] | Hospice at home UK | Systematic literature review analysed using Realist logic | To determine what features of hospice at home models work best, for whom and under what circumstances | Hospice at home | 49 papers reviewed, of which 34 contributed evidence to at least one of the eight theory areas | Yes |