Multi-tiered external facilitation: the role of feedback loops and tailored interventions in supporting change in a stepped-wedge implementation trial

Table 1 Site-directed external facilitation (EF) by facilitator during pre-implementation and active implementation

Site-directed EF episodes				Site-directed EF type
Site-directed EF episodes				Preparation and planning		Stakeholder engagement		Education		Process monitoring		Audit and feedback		Networking		Brainstorming solutions
	Grand total	Mean per site	Percent pre-implementation	Total episodes	%^b(Total episodes (TE)/grand total (GT)	Total episodes	% TE/GT	Total episodes	% TE/GT	Total episodes	% TE/GT	Total episodes	% TE/GT	Total episodes	% TE/GT	Total episodes	% TE/GT
QI nurse	150^a	25	7%	74	49%	5	3%	55	37%	65	43%	26	17%	71	47%	26	17%
QI physician	14^a	2.3	38%	1	7%	6	43%	8	57%	5	36%	7	50%	4	29%	5	36%
Sites	Grand total		Percent initiated by champion	Total episodes	% (total episodes (TE)/grand total (GT)	Total episodes	% TE/GT	Total episodes	% (TE/GT)	Total episodes	% (TE/GT)	Total episodes	% (TE/GT)	Total Episodes	% (TE/GT)	Total episodes	% TE/GT
101	22		23%	10	46%	0	0	11	50%	10	46%	3	14%	9	41%	4	18%
102	30		30%	18	60%	5	17%	9	30%	12	40%	5	17%	13	43%	4	13%
103	39		54%	19	49%	1	3%	12	31%	19	49%	13	33%	20	51%	12	31%
104	21		0%	8	38%	1	5%	7	33%	10	48%	0	0	8	38%	2	10%
105	22		41%	9	41%	1	5%	11	50%	8	36%	5	23%	13	59%	3	14%
106	26		7%	11	42%	3	12%	10	38%	11	42%	6	23%	12	46%	6	23%
Median (across sites)	24		30%	10.5	44%	1	5%	11	36%	11	44%	5	20%	13	45%	4	16%

^aFour episodes involved both QI nurse and QI physician external facilitation. Those episodes have been counted for both the QI nurse and the QI physician
^bPercentage of total site-directed episodes that included that type of facilitation activity (total episodes of that EF type/grand total site-directed EF episodes by EF and by site). EF episodes could involve more than one type of facilitation (e.g., an email that provided updated data [Audit and Feedback] and ideas about how to address deficiencies [Brainstorming Solutions]) so the total percentage across facilitation types will be greater than 100%

ISSN: 2662-2211