Author, year | Healthcare costs | PT costs |
---|---|---|
Low back pain | ||
 Childs, 2015 [22] | Adherent $2426.88 (SE 30.04) Nonadherent $2733.57 (SE 26.92) Difference $306.69 (95% CI 227.63 to 385.75) Early $1828.24 (SE 15.28) Delayed $3030.53 (26.64) Difference $1202.29 (95% CI 1142.09 to 1262.49) |  |
 Feuerstein, 2006 [33] | Guideline adherent $222.40 Nonadherent $712.60 (p< .0001), B = −230.10 (95% CI −264.1 to 195.9) |  |
 Fritz, 2012 [16] | Adherent: LBP-related costs were an average $1374.30 lower favoring adherent care vs nonadherent 95% CI 202.28 to 2546.31 |  |
 Hoeijenbos, 2005 [25] | Mean Direct Medical Costs: Same pattern in the intervention and control group over time: a rapid decrease in the first 12 weeks and after 6 months the healthcare utilization stabilized. Peak consumption 6 weeks Baseline total direct medical cost: Intervention € 92, median € 72, (SD 62); Control € 89 median € 71, (SD 69) 6 weeks total direct medical cost: Intervention € 125 median € 111, (SD 91) Control € 145 median € 141, (SD 95) P=.026 12 weeks total direct medical cost: Intervention € 58 median € 20, (SD 91), Control € 77 median € 25, (SD 107) P = .051 26 weeks total direct medical cost: Intervention € 33 median € 0, (SD 98), Control € 35, median € 0, (SD 99) P =.818 52 weeks total direct medical cost: Intervention € 24 median € 0, (SD 68), Control € 30, median € 0, (SD 109) P =.477 Increase in costs at 6 weeks and decrease at 12 and 26 weeks were significant within both groups (P< 0.000) Mean annual direct costs: Intervention € 374 (SD 427) Control € 449 (SD 572) Mean annual productivity costs: Intervention € 4838 (SD 9572) Control € 4035 (SD 8962) Costs per visit: General practitioner (one visit) € 18.37 Company doctor (one visit) € 18.37 Medical specialist (one visit) € 45.22 1 day in hospital € 261.23 Alpha help per hour € 9.44 Cost-effectiveness of intervention was not calculated due to lack of significant differences, likely extended implementation strategy increases costs | Mean direct medical costs for physiotherapists the previous 6 weeks: Baseline: Intervention € 54, median € 40; Control € 52, median € 40 6 weeks: Intervention € 106, median; 101 Control € 125 median € 121 12 weeks: Intervention € 51 median € 0.00; Control € 61 median € 0 26 weeks: Intervention € 18 median; € 0 Control € 22 median € 0 52 weeks: Intervention € 15 median; € 0 Control € 19 median € 0 Physiotherapist costs include physiotherapist, manual therapist and Mensendieck or Cesar therapist Costs per visit: Physiotherapist (one visit) € 20.10 Physical therapist (one visit) € 19.70 Manual therapist € 30.80 Physiotherapist per hour € 26.42 |
 Karlen, 2015 [36] |  | Physical Therapy Charges: 2010: Adherent $773, Nonadherent $806 2011: Adherent $815, Nonadherent $861 2012: Adherent $847, Nonadherent $863 2013: Adherent $906, Nonadherent $969 2014: Adherent $896, Nonadherent $976 Increase in charges per LBP episode was 40% lower than the observed rate of inflation for individual units of PT |
Acute low back pain | ||
 Fritz, 2007 [17] |  | Adherent $845.57 (SD $449.14) Nonadherent $884.91 (SD $523.37), P< .001 |
 Fritz, 2008 [18] | Additional charges for healthcare associated with LBP (1 year after completion of PT): 296 patients (62.8%) Cost: Mean charges: Adherent $1692 (SD $7683) Nonadherent $2829 (SD $21,728, P< .05) Receiving adherent physical therapy care was associated with a reduced likelihood of incurring high charges for subsequent healthcare. aOR = 0.51 (95% CI 0.31 to 0.87). Mean overall charges for care (charges for physical therapy+charges for subsequent healthcare): Adherent: $2255 (SD $7665) Nonadherent: $3559 (SD $21,720, P< .05) Adherent physical therapy care: reduced likelihood of incurring high overall charges. aOR = 0.44; (95% CI 0.26 to 0.75). | Adherent $562 (SD 269) Nonadherent $729 (SD 345) P<.05 |
 Owens, 2019 [20] | Medical cost (median): $770, range 0–24,327 Total cost (median): $987, range 124–63,992 Each unit increase in ACOEM +1/−1 compliance: average $352.90 reduction in medical costs (P = .075) and $586.20 reduction in total costs (P = .22) Expensive outliers were consistent with lower scores, suggesting lower compliance results in higher costs Statistically significant relationship (P= .0097) between decreasing claim's medical costs and increasing compliance with the ACOEM guidelines when log-transformed to better account for skewed cost distribution and outliers |  |
Chronic low back pain | ||
 Van der Roer, 2008 [24] | Direct health care costs: Protocol € 1003 (SD 595), Guideline € 527 (SD 447), Mean difference € 475, (95% CI 211 to 681) Direct non-health care costs: Protocol € 82 (SD 233), Guideline € 197 (SD 463) Mean Difference € −115, (95% CI −220 to 27) Functional Status (RDQ): Cost Difference € 233, (95% CI −2185 to 2764) Effect Difference 0.06, (95% CI −2.22 to 2.34) Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratios (ICER) 16,349 Pain Intensity (PI-NRS): Cost Difference € 233, (95% CI −2185 to 2764) Effect Difference −1.02, (95% CI −2.14 to 0.09) ICER −175 Perceived Recovery (GPE): Cost Difference € 233, (95% CI −2185 to 2764) Effect Difference 13%; OR = 1.71, (95% CI 0.67 to 4.38) ICER 1720 QALYNL (EQ-5D): Cost Difference € 233, (95% CI −2185 to 2764) Effect Difference 0.03, (95% CI −0.06 to 0.12) ICER 5141 | Protocol € 779 (SD = 0) Guideline € 312 (SD = 191) Mean Difference € 467, (95% CI 298 to 646) |
Neck pain | ||
 Horn, 2016 [19] | No significant difference in costs to non-PT health providers. eB = 0.79, 95% CI 0.26 to 2.24; P = .68 | Adherent care: 22% lower charges for PT. Mean difference US$ 172.55; eB = 0.78, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.89; P< .001 |