Table 4 Summary of champions’ effectiveness in increasing innovation use and improving outcomes

Albert, 2012 [47]

(?) H

(Consistent use of standard orders)

Alidina, 2018 [48]

(?) H

(Regular use of operating cognitive aids)

Anand, 2017 [49]

( +) H

(Continuous pain assessments)

Ash, 1997 [50]

(?) S

(Implementation of electronic mail)

Ben-David, 2019 [51]

( +) Patient

(Decrease incidence of central-line-associated blood stream infection)

Bentz, 2007 [52]

( +) H

(Referrals of patients to the Oregon Tobacco Quitline)

Bradley, 2012 [53]

( +) Patient

(Decrease 30-day risk-standardized mortality rate post myocardial infarction)

Campbell, 2008 [54]

(?) H

(Adoption of sepsis protocol)

Chang, 2012 [40]

(ø) S

(Depression care programs in primary care)

Ellerbeck, 2006 [55]

(ø) H

(Medications prescribed during and after myocardial infarction)

Foster, 2017 [56]

( +) System

(Decreased harm topics to quality of care (e.g. readmission)

Goff, 2019 [57]

( +) H

(Adherence to best practices for medication/intervention prescribing)

(ø) Patient

(Patient experience)

Granade, 2020 [58]

(?) H

(Adherence to adult vaccination standards)

Hsia, 2019 [59]

( +) S

(Hospital medical services and processes performed using E-health technology)

Hung, 2008 [60]

( +) P

(Quality of life measures)

Kabukye, 2020 [61]

( +) H

(Attitudes towards implementing electronic health record)

Kenny, 2005 [62]

( +) H

(Instrumental research use)

Khera, 2018 [63]

(?) H

(Preferred unrelated graft source for hematologic malignancies)

One study, two reports: Korall, 2017, 2018 [64, 65]

( +) H

(Commitment to hip protectors)

Lago, 2013 [66]

(?) H

(Non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions during invasive procedures)

Papadakis, 2014 [67]

( +) H

(Delivery of evidence-based smoking cessation treatments)

Paré, 2011 [68]

(?) H

(Attitudes towards implementing electronic health record)

Patton, 2013 [69]

( +) S

(Provider’s access to training for screening and giving brief advice regarding alcohol use)

Sharkey, 2013 [39]

( +) S

(Facility-wide health information clinical decision support system for preventing pressure ulcers)

Shea, 2016 [70]

(ø) H

(Meaningful use of electronic health records)

Sisodia, 2020 [71]

( +) S

(Success of patient-reported outcome collection program)

Slaunwhite, 2009 [72]

( +) H

(Uptake of influenza vaccine)

Soni, 2016 [73]

( +) P

(Kangaroo mother care: breastfeeding and skin-skin)

Strasser, 2003 [74]

( −) H

(Application of smoking cessation guideline)

Tierney, 2003 [75]

( +) S

(Intent by pediatrician practices to adopt reminder recall and immunization coverage rates)

( +) S

(Pediatrician practices’ and public health clinics’ use of reminder recall and immunization coverage rate assessments)

Ward, 2004 [76]

( +) H

(Adherence to diabetes guidelines)

(ø) P

(Improvement in patient parameters outlines by diabetes guideline)

One study, two reports: Weiler, 2012, 2013 [77, 78]

(?) H

(Intention to use transfer boards)

( +) H

(Ergonomic advantage of transfer boards)

Westrick, 2009 [79]

(ø) S

(Adaption and sustainability of in-house pharmacy immunization services)

Whitebird, 2014 [41]

( +) S

(Uptake of depression program)

(ø) P

(Improvement in depression remission rates)

Zavalkoff, 2015 [80]

( +) H

(Urinary catheter use)