Table 5 Effect of implementation strategies in improving the provision of preconception and antenatal care addressing modifiable risk factors

 Ask

RCT

Clinical practice guidelines; educational materials; educational meetings; reminders; tailored intervention

Usual practice/control

2.52 (1.13, 5.59; p=0.024)

47%

Moderate^c

-

 Advise

RCT

Clinical practice guidelines; educational materials; educational meetings; reminders; tailored intervention

Usual practice/control

4.32 (3.06, 6.11; p<0.001)

0%

Moderate^c

-

 Assess

RCT

Clinical practice guidelines; educational materials; educational meetings; tailored intervention

Usual practice/control

2.55 (0.24, 27.06; p=0.439)

90%

Low^c,d,e

-

 Assist

RCT

Clinical practice guidelines; educational materials; educational meetings; reminders; tailored intervention

Usual practice/control

6.34 (1.51, 26.63; p=0.012)

90%

Low^c,d

-

 Arrange

RCT

Clinical practice guidelines; educational materials; educational meetings; tailored intervention

Usual practice/control

3.55 (0.50, 25.34; p=0.207)

83%

Low^c,d,e

-

 Ask

RCT

Audit and feedback; educational materials; educational meetings; educational outreach visits, or academic detailing; tailored intervention

Educational materials

-

-

-

1.2 (1.0, 1.5)^a

Educational meetings; reminders

Educational meetings

-

-

-

6.3 (1.8, 22.1)^a

Educational meetings; educational outreach visits, or academic detailing; local opinion leaders; reminders; tailored intervention

Educational meetings

-

-

-

29.2 (17.5, 38.0)^b

 Advise

RCT

Audit and feedback; educational materials; educational meetings; educational outreach visits, or academic detailing; tailored intervention

Educational materials

-

-

-

1.1 (0.9, 1.3)^a

Educational meetings; reminders

Educational meetings

-

-

-

4.5 (1.9, 10.8)^a

Educational meetings; educational outreach visits, or academic detailing; local opinion leaders; reminders; tailored intervention

Educational meetings

-

-

-

26.2 (13.9, 40.2)^b

Clinical practice guideline; educational materials; educational meetings; educational outreach visits, or academic detailing

Clinical practice guideline; educational materials; educational meetings

-

-

-

1.95 (1.32, 2.88)^a

 Assist

RCT

Audit and feedback; educational materials; educational meetings; educational outreach visits, or academic detailing; tailored intervention

Educational materials

-

-

-

1.3 (0.9, 1.9)^a

Educational meetings; reminders

Educational meetings

-

-

-

29.9 (14.5, 61.9)^a

Educational meetings; educational outreach visits, or academic detailing; local opinion leaders; reminders; tailored intervention

Educational meetings

-

-

-

21.5 (10.6, 31.8)^b

Clinical practice guideline; educational materials; educational meetings; educational outreach visits, or academic detailing

Clinical practice guideline; educational materials; educational meetings

-

-

-

1.96 (1.13, 3.39)^a

 Arrange

RCT

Audit and feedback; educational materials; educational meetings; educational outreach visits, or academic detailing; tailored intervention

Educational materials

-

-

-

1.07 (0.57, 1.99)^a

Educational meetings; educational outreach visits, or academic detailing; local opinion leaders; reminders; tailored intervention

Educational meetings

-

-

-

2.7 (0.0, 17.2)^b

 Assess

RCT

Educational materials; educational meetings; educational outreach visits, or academic detailing; reminders

Usual practice/control

57.56 (41.78, 79.29; p<.001)

0%

Moderate^c

-

 Advise

RCT

Educational materials; educational meetings; educational outreach visits, or academic detailing

Usual practice/control

-

-

-

6.44 (3.14, 13.17)^a

 Advise

Non-randomised

Educational materials; educational meetings; local consensus process; tailored intervention

Usual practice/control

3.37 (2.34, 4.84; p<0.001)

0%

Very-low^c,d

-

 Assess

Non-randomised

Educational materials; educational meetings

Usual practice/control

-

-

-

1.15 (0.17, 1.03)^a

 Advise

Non-randomised

Educational materials; educational meetings

Usual practice/control

10.36 (2.37, 41.20; p=0.002)

83%

Very-low^c,f

-