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Table 6 Examples of health system hierarchical levels to be considered in the framework

From: Framework for identification and measurement of spillover effects in policy implementation: intended non-intended targeted non-targeted spillovers (INTENTS)

Health system level

Description

Government authorities, regulators, administrative authorities, policymakers

Central government, legislators, regions, counties, districts, local authorities, etc.

Payers

Health insurance, health funds, social security, government authorities

Suppliers

Pharma companies, manufacturers of medical devices and medical supplies, labs, etc.

Healthcare organisations

GP practice, healthcare organisation, ambulatory, hospital, pharmacy, nursing homes

Individual healthcare providers

Independent physiotherapists, independent dentists, GPs, clinicians, specialists, nurses, support staff, etc.

Individuals/citizens/patients

Including individual patients and their relatives, friends, social networks, other patients and their families

  1. Source: Gilson [48], Savedoff and Hussman [49]