Table 1 Eligibility criteria

Inclusion criteria

Articles describing or defining implementing an intervention in the same environment where it had already been implemented

Exclusion criteria

Articles describing a rapid learning cycle, spreading an intervention to a new environment, or a stalled implementation. Studies were also excluded if the primary focus was policy or were in a language other than English

Definitions used for eligibility criteria

 Implementation

“Initial process of embedding interventions within settings [1].”

 Rapid learning cycle

“Using iterative cycles to test quality improvement changes on a smaller scale [9].”

 Spread

Replicating an initiative or intervention in a different environment [21].

 Stalled implementation

Implementation effort that is paused or stops making progress [22].