Table 3 Results from multilevel path models with paths from Implementation Climate Scale (ICS) to psychological determinants of intentions and from psychological determinants to intentions for the five caregiver coaching core components (i.e., feedback, collaboration, demonstration, reflection/problem solving, daily routines)

Effect (p)

Effect (p)

Effect (p)

Effect (p)

Effect (p)

Between-level

  ICS → self-efficacy

.28 (< .001)

.05 (.74)

.23 (.001)

.13 (.12)

.18 (.04)

  ICS → attitudes

.63 (.03)

.20 (.39)

.45 (.02)

.22 (.36)

.57 (.50)

  ICS → descriptive norms

.19 (.11)

.24 (.12)

.24 (.053)

.14 (.27)

.26 (.90)

  ICS → injunctive norms

.34 (.004)

.23 (.08)

.21 (.003)

.23 (.02)

.31 (.78)

Within-level

  Self-efficacy → intentions

.13 (.13)

.31 (.02)

.07 (.45)

.05 (.51)

.54 (< .001)

  Attitudes → intentions

.30 (< .001)

.22 (.007)

.26 (< .001)

.37 (< .001)

.21 (.002)

  Descriptive norms → intentions

.19 (.04)

.14 (.24)

.14 (.045)

.29 (.007)

.13 (.09)

  Injunctive norms → intentions

.10 (.44)

.32 (.04)

.33 (.01)

 − .02 (.82)

.39 (.006)